Stochastic models have become indispensable tools for understanding growth dynamics in complex systems. By incorporating randomness and uncertainty into the modelling framework, these methods provide ...

First of all, the problem scope and the theoretical foundation are presented. The considered ISC network is a layered network in which nodes represent points of interactions between the two layers.

Pietro Rossi had a problem. An insurance company needed a model that could price bonds based on the likelihood of changes in credit ratings. The standard, off-the-shelf models are based on probability ...