Artist’s impression of the quantum spin Hall effect in a graphene-based spintronic device, integrated in a chip. The blue and red spheres are spin-up and spin-down electrons traveling along the edge ...

When two-dimensional electron systems are subjected to magnetic fields at low temperatures, they can exhibit interesting states of matter, such as fractional quantum Hall liquids. These are exotic ...

The Nature Index 2025 Research Leaders — previously known as Annual Tables — reveal the leading institutions and countries/territories in the natural and health sciences, according to their output in ...